• Electroencephalography (EEG) becomes the primary window into brain function across injury, surgery, and treatment, showing characteristic EEG changes in head injury [2], concussion [1], abnormal cortical suppression [7], frontal lobotomy [4], and EEG shifts with electric shocks [3], [8], plus epilepsy foci [10].

• Cognitive and behavioral assessments are integrated early after head trauma and neurosurgical procedures, with measures of intellect in the acute stage [5], intellectual impairment post-injury [16], and frontal-lobe–related behavioral changes after extensive lobotomy [20], linking brain regions to function.

• Therapeutic neuromodulation is studied for neural signatures and outcomes, with EEG variations during electric shock therapy [3] and EEG- and clinical-effects of convulsions in mental disorders [8], and corroborating brain changes after electric shock [9].

• Structural and vascular brain pathology informs prognosis and assessment, covering vascular diseases of the nervous system [13], brain alterations after birth asphyxia [17], late cerebral sequelae of rheumatic fever [15], simulated altitude brain changes [12], leptomeningeal thickening after meningitis treatment [14], and dura-related headaches [19].